Transcription:
- Initiation: The first step of protein synthesis involves the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus. This process begins with the initiation of transcription, where a segment of DNA is copied into a molecule of RNA by RNA polymerase.
- Elongation: During elongation, the RNA polymerase moves https://prometrie-healthcare.org/synthesis-80532-66-7-navigating-the-chemical-frontier along the DNA template, synthesizing a complementary RNA molecule. This step involves the addition of nucleotides to the growing mRNA strand.
- Termination: The final step of transcription is termination, where the RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal on the DNA, leading to the release of the newly formed mRNA molecule.
Translation:
- Initiation: Once the mRNA is processed and leaves the nucleus, it travels to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. Translation is initiated as the ribosome begins to read the genetic code of the mRNA molecule.
- Elongation: During elongation, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules bring the correct sequence of amino acids to the ribosome based on the mRNA code. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) helps form bonds between the amino acids, leading to the production of a polypeptide chain.
- Termination: The process of translation concludes with the termination of protein synthesis, where the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA, resulting in the release of the completed polypeptide chain.
These phases of protein synthesis, involving both transcription and translation, are essential for the accurate and efficient production of proteins within cells.